Ahd Aljardat.
Humanity has suffered from many wars, the most important of which were the First and Second World Wars, which resulted in destruction and the commission of horrific crimes. As a result, international efforts began to work to provide protection for human rights principles, which led to contributing to the formation of the international organization under the name of the United Nations in 1945. It had an active role in establishing the United Nations Charter, which included the main legal articles in guaranteeing human rights and means of protecting them, the most important of which are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the two international covenants in 1966. The first covenant discusses political and civil rights, and the second covenant clarifies economic, social and cultural rights.
The human rights is a common global issue, related to the being of every the nature of the systems within countries, and their relations with each other in relation to the policies of governments and their dealings with peoples, and their ability to achieve freedoms for individuals. Some countries are moving towards the method of violations; which is considered the greatest challenge for the international organization and its institutions; considering that empowering and promoting human rights principles are among the most important goals sought by the United Nations, which are guaranteed through international law, the most important of which are the four Geneva Conventions.
The United Nations focused on the issue of human rights, and the Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly as an official international document in regulating international relations in times of peace and war. This defines the starting point in granting the international legitimacy to the international charter for human rights principles. The international legitimacy of human rights principles is based on a statement of the mandatory contents of both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two international covenants with their protocols on member states.
The modern states are based on a set of shared international values, the most important of which are citizenship, democracy and human rights. These values aim to build an international community based on freedom, equality and the rule of law. Respect for human rights principles is considered the globally agreed methodology for achieving international relations based on peace and international cooperation.
International organizations emphasize the need for international accountability for violations of human rights, especially in cases of instability and conflict between states or non-governmental parties, considering that following human rights principles such as transitional justice, reparations, international interventions and peacemaking processes contribute to creating a state of security and social stability between states, especially those states that have suffered from conflicts.
International human rights law states the obligations that states must committed When states become participants parties to international treaties, they Take responsibility for respecting and protecting human rights rules. The obligation means that states must prevent or limit forms of human rights violations. It also requires states to implement by taking positive measures to achieve the basic Human rights, and make facilitate the enjoyment of Individual and collective freedoms for all the citizens and social groups.
Ratification of international human rights treaties obliges governments to put in place of strategies and legislation that guarantee their obligations and duties to provide basic legal protection for human rights guaranteed by international law. In the event of failure to address human rights violations, individual and collective complaint mechanisms and procedures exist at the regional and international levels to help ensure international standards for guaranteeing implementing human rights.
The international system focuses on the human being and its rules are directed towards satisfying his needs, as one of the most important main objectives within the framework of human relations. The United Nations Charter came to cover this fact, followed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which emphasized the importance of the commitment of member states to respect human rights and work to achieve them. Thus, the issue of human rights is no longer limited to local legal systems only, but has become a global issue linked to the efforts that the international community aims to make it ability as a central issue in the international system, as Jack Donnelly points out, human rights have become a major focus of interest in international relations.
Based on the preamble Charter in the United Nations, the objectives of the United Nations can be summarized as follows: maintaining international peace and security, developing peaceful relations among nations, achieving international cooperation in solving international problems, ensuring the achievement of human rights, in addition to making this organization an international reference in coordinating international relations in peacetime or in conflicts and wars, and ensuring that relations are directed towards achieving common interests and goals.
The development of international community institutions has prompted many countries to make different changes on their policies and behaviors related to human rights violations, through the role of these institutions in exerting direct pressure on political systems and imposing respect for human rights and forcing them to strive to achieve them through local laws and legislation, especially in the Arab world region, as initiatives to bring about a qualitative shift in the nature of international relations and make the world more democratic.
The interaction between the international communities crystallized with the development of international conflicts through the mechanisms of humanitarian intervention as a means of protecting human rights and maintaining security and peace. The term "humanitarian intervention" was included in international law, thus giving it a legal aspect that cannot be refused .
The right of humanitarian assistance is the right to intervene, which aim to rescue and assist victims such as victims of floods and earthquakes in addition to victims of conflicts and persecution. This was embodied when India was struck by an earthquake in 2001, which resulted in the destruction of cities and the displacement of thousands. India requested assistance from major countries such as France, Germany and US. The United Nations adopted principle of providing humanitarian assistance, which were considered a humanitarian duty in the document of the World Summit on 2005.
In contrast, some of international human rights organizations have fallen into the problem of politicizing human rights, and have begun to heading towards within their work a political agenda far from the concept of human rights work, until they have become a tool for pressure in decision-making processes and political Programs, in a manner consistent with the trends of some powers, due to the link between the economic funding of these institutions and them. The funding of these organizations is based on the treasury of international powers that aim to strengthen international relations in a manner consistent with their political interests, without paying attention to the interests of peoples and their rights.
The theory of power in international relations is a fundamental basis for creating common interests and building relations and mutual respect, which mean the human rights in the global system is linked to political conditionality. The international community did not find any problem in abandoning the white state in South Africa, and exerting pressure on it by delegitimizing it, isolating it internationally, and imposing economic sanctions on it, especially after the conflict there intensified under the apartheid regime, during a period in which the world was experiencing profound international transformations. On the other hand, with regard to theةspecificity of the Palestinian issue, and the strategic and geographical importance of Israel State to the West counties, it was never easy to accept the idea of delegitimizing Israel, isolating it, or imposing sanctions on it, despite the ongoing violations of international law articles.
The international community uses double standards and deals with it, and turns a blind eye to the violations that Israel carries out against international law against the Palestinians. In the Israeli case, there is a superpower that is completely biased towards it according to the perspective of the power of interests, which is US Country.
The concept of human rights can be viewed as an affirmation of the values and principles produced by European capitalist thought during its historical development stage. It is one of the concepts that the West has succeeded in imposing its universality on other countries as a form of imposing its hegemony and political interests, as is the case in international relations, without taking into account the relativity of the concept within the pluralism of civilizational cultures and social collective particularities.
After the events of September 11, 2001, the world witnessed the emergence of various forms of human rights violations under the pretext of combating terrorism, as some forms of international crimes that were committed were revealed, which led to the formation of a real threat to the concepts of international peace and security, as a result of most countries in the world following a policy of double standards, especially by the major powers in their international relations with regard to the application of the principles and articles of human rights and its agreements on the international arena, especially with regard to the Palestinian issue and Gaza Case as a real example happens in the present.
This constituted a complete contradiction with the principles of international humanitarian law and human rights through the policy of exploitation, looting, indiscriminate killing, destruction, displacement and racism, the collapse of the civil system and the deterioration of economic, civil and political conditions in most countries of the world.
The continuation of organized violence and the spread of crime in all its forms, the spread of diseases, in addition to the difficulties of living, high cost of living and unemployment , came with the aim of strengthening the strategy of the great powers and achieving their economic ambitions, so it can be said that international law overlaps with the political interests of the major powers controlling the international system, and with double standards when applying international legitimacy and its laws. The wars that happened for many years were nothing but a pretext to impose dominates over the world and Control its wealth, under the pretext of achieving democracy, establishing justice and equality, protecting human rights and preserving world peace, and the right of peoples to self-determination.
In international relations, international law has never imposed itself, nor have human rights agreements, including their values, rules, and principles. The values of justice, equality, and rights It remained within its theoretical framework of the nation-state through local legislation and laws, and at the global level through signing international treaties that embodied these values to manage international relations in peace and conflict, especially the Four Geneva Conventions and the UN Charter. According to Human Rights theoretical framework, Weak peoples have become able to demand their implementation by filing complaints through international courts against human rights violators, individuals and groups, but in reality, this only happens if their implementation is consistent with the interests of major powers within the perspective of imposing power and interests between countries.
Despite the tremendous development that has occurred in the field of human rights, work must be done to reduce the vast gap between theoretical principles and practical reality. Despite the existence of a huge arsenal of international texts that guarantee human rights legally, we can clearly see the shortcomings of the protection mechanisms in practice. Therefore, it is necessary to put these human rights legislations into effect in all cases and situations, in order to reach an international humanitarian system in which basic human rights are more than just a theoretical aspect.
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